<b>Hastelloy Washers - Introduction</b><br>
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Hastelloy washers can withstand some of the harshest media.<br>
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They're commonly used in chemical processing applications with <br>
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acid chlorides, solvents, formic and acetic acids, acetic anhydride, <br>
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wet chlorine gas, hypochlorites, chlorine solutions, and phosphoric acid.<br>
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Hastelloy C276 is the most common and one of the most corrosion-resistant nickel <br>
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alloys for chemical processing applications, <br>
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outperforming most other nickel alloy grades such as Inconel and Monel.<br>
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Washers made of Hastelloy are typically purchased or cut from sheets of Hastelloy.<br>
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Hastelloy Belleville washers are made to order for a specific application. The alloy, on the other hand, can be forged,<br>
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hot-upset, or impact extruded. Despite the fact that the alloy tends to <br>
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work-harden, it can be deep-drawn, spun, press formed, or punched successfully.<br>
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This superalloy can be welded in a variety of ways. Hastelloy fasteners <br>
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are designed for use in corrosion-resistant applications.<br>
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It should be noted that extreme caution should be <br>
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exercised to avoid overheating. <br>
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<u><i>Common Grades of Hastelloy Bolt</i></u><br>
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HASTELLOY C276 <br>
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The corrosion-resistant alloy Hastelloy C276 (UNS <br>
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N10276) is the most widely used and versatile.<br>
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Corrosive resistance is excellent for both reducing and mildly <br>
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oxidizing corrosive. Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance, <br>
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as well as localized attack resistance. <br>
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<b>HASTELLOY B2</b><br>
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Hastelloy B3 alloy, UNS N10665, has good corrosion resistance to hydrochloric acid and other strongly reducing chemicals, but it corrodes badly in the presence of oxidizing chemicals and ferric or cupric salts.<br>
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Hastelloy B2 is also highly resistant to pitting and stress corrosion cracking.<br>
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However, because B2 contains little chromium, it should not be used with oxidizing <br>
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media when salts are present. <br>
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<b>HASTELLOY B3</b><br>
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UNS N10675 Hastelloy B3 alloy is designed to withstand extremely aggressive hydrochloric,<br>
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hydrobromic, and sulfuric acids (H2SO4), as well as <br>
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acetic, formic, and phosphoric acids. Hastelloy B3 also has better structural integrity than Hastelloy B2.<br>
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However, because B3 contains little chromium, it should not be used with oxidising media when salts are present.<br>
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<u><i>HASTELLOY C22</i></u><br>
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Because of its higher chromium content, the Hastelloy C22 alloy, UNS N06022, has <br>
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better overall corrosion resistance in oxidising corrosives than C-276 and Inconel <br>
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625 alloys. Localized corrosion resistance is exceptional, as is <br>
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stress corrosion cracking resistance. This alloy is scarce and can only be made into fasteners in larger <br>
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diameters. <br>
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<b>HASTELLOY C2000</b><br>
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UNS N06200 Hastelloy C2000 alloy is a corrosion-resistant <br>
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alloy with excellent uniform corrosion resistance in oxidising and reducing environments.<br>
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It has improved corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid and <br>
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process streams contaminated with ferric ions due to the addition of copper and the high content of chromium.<br>
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In addition, when compared to C-276 alloy, it has superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking and localised <br>
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corrosion. <br>
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<u><i>HASTELLOY X</i></u><br>
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UNS N06002 Alloy X is best known for its exceptional combination of high-temperature oxidation resistance <br>
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and high-temperature strength up to 2000°C. Its most notable characteristics include being stable, strong, and ductile at high temperatures, and it is frequently <br>
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used in gas turbine and furnace components. <br>
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<b>Commercial Flat Washers</b><br>
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Flat washers are used to increase a bolt head or nut's bearing surface and distribute <br>
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pressure away from the hex or square's points. There are infinite possibilities for the inner diameter, outer diameter, and thickness <br>
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of the accompanying flat washer for every bolt or screw <br>
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diameter. Certain standards have evolved to <br>
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make the selection of a flat washer easier. <br>
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<strong><u>Special Washers</u></strong><br>
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Flat washers with nonstandard dimensions are required in some fastener <br>
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assemblies. A thicker or wider washer may be required for more demanding loads.<br>
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A washer, which is thicker than available plate <br>
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stock, may be used as a spacer in some cases. <br>
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<b>Lock Washers</b><br>
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Wire coils are used to make split lock washers. Coil-made lock <br>
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washers are subjected to high-volume production runs.<br>
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In the manufacturing process, steel and stainless steel lock <br>
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washers become work-hardened, giving them more strength and spring than the raw material.<br>
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Other than 18-8 and 316, lock washers made of nickel-based alloys and stainless steel are typically machined from <br>
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plate stock. There isn't enough demand for these parts <br>
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to be made from the coil. Plate washers are not as strong as coil washers, and they cannot be reused.<br>
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<u><b>Why Lightning Bolt for Hastelloy Washers?</b></u><br>
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Wire coils are used to make split lock washers. Coil-made lock washers are subjected to <br>
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high-volume production runs. In the manufacturing process, steel and stainless steel lock washers become work-hardened, giving them more strength <br>
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and spring than the raw material. <br>
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Other than 18-8 and 316, lock washers made of nickel-based <br>
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alloys and stainless steel are typically machined from plate stock.<br>
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There isn't enough demand for these parts to be <br>
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made from the coil. Plate washers are not as strong as coil washers, and they cannot be reused.<br>
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For more details visit- website Article By- Rohan V ( Metal Engg) <br>
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Thank You.<br>
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<b>Hastelloy Washers -